These effects have been observed to take place on the timescale of seconds or minutes when induced by electric stimulation [19], [51] (however, see also [21]).
When the timescale of heat conduction is shorter than the Alfvén timescale, and adiabatic slow shock is dissociated into an isothermal slow shock and a heat conduction front.
Thus, when the timescale of a protein relaxing to its new equilibrium position overlaps that of thermophoresis, multiple kinetic phases may be observed.
One of them is that it is important to take the timescale of rate measurement into consideration when using or interpreting evolutionary rate estimates; otherwise, the outcomes could be severely biased.
When examined on the timescale of the biological generations of the life forms in question, the development is evolutionary more rapid evolution than during other periods, to be sure, but still evolutionary.
Theoretical studies have already proposed methods to link these three integration levels assuming, for instance, the subcellular level dynamics at a steady state when focusing on the timescale of tumor size evolution (see refs. 67, 68, as examples).
Theoretical results show that developmental plasticity is favored when rates of fluctuations are at the timescale of a generation (Meyers and Bull 2002).
The timescale of both acetylation and deacetylation is of the order of 10 minutes when highly activated.
Specifically, when population-size fluctuations occur much faster compared with the timescale of coalescence, the coalescent effective population size is given by the harmonic mean of the variance effective population size, Ne(t), estimated over the timescale of coalescence.
Global environmental change, even when rapid relative to historical levels, remains slow on the timescale of human observation and challenging to predict.
