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However, no association between the timeliness gap and health workforce density was found.
Similarly, human development was also found to be negatively associated with the timeliness gap.
Furthermore, the timeliness gap was significantly associated with civil liberties and human development indices but not health workforce density.
The results for the timeliness gap by year, indicating how many days earlier events were reported by ProMED-mail than by the WHO, is shown in Figure 1.
In addition, the greater the civil liberties in a country (e.g., importance of freedom of the media), the longer the timeliness gap.
In addition, the sharp decrease in the timeliness gap between ProMED-mail and WHO reports in 2003 may produce spurious results.
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The timeliness gaps in countries with high and low health workforce densities were 4.81 days and 5 days, respectively, while the shortest timeliness gaps were observed in countries with medium health workforce density (3.14 days).
In other words, the greater the civil liberties, the longer the reporting timeliness gap between WHO and ProMED-mail for avian flu and H1N1 outbreaks.
This study aims to evaluate the length of time elapsed between reports of the same incidents related to avian flu and H1N1 outbreaks published by the WHO and ProMED-mail, the two major global health surveillance systems, before and after the amendment of the International Health Regulations in 2005 (IHR 2005) and to explore the association between country transparency and this timeliness gap.
However, the effects of IHR 2005 on the reporting timeliness gap and the association between transparency and the reporting timeliness gap have yet to be evaluated.
After controlling for the year, the reporting timeliness gap was found to be significantly associated with civil liberties and human development.
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