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As demonstrated on a test sphere, the methodology reduces dominant error sources on the test sphere surface from 194 to 40 nm RMS.
A 50 mm-high spillway gate was located downstream of the test sphere in order to obtain deeper water upstream, and provide more easily monitored and controllable water flows.
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The free volume fraction for the test spheres with a radius of 2.5 nm is ϕ = 0.695 in the detailed model cell used for the simulations, leading to f volume = 1.44.
The critical flow velocity required to initiate incipient motion in the five test spheres of different dimensions was measured by acoustic Doppler velocimetry.
The influences of a surrounding sphere of different size, located at various distances and angles, on the drag and the flow characteristics of a test sphere have been experimentally investigated.
The bed was made using two rows of spheres fixed in staggered positions, and a test sphere resting on top of the three neighbouring fixed spheres (i.e. nestling in the space between the surfaces of the fixed spheres).
In the tests, a sphere (Si3N4 ceramic ball) was designed to rub against a plane (Ti Al Zr titanium alloy with or without WC 25Co coatings).
The first aim is to investigate the behavior of recently introduced fifth-order compact upwind differencing (CUD-5) in conjunction with different high-order time stepping schemes by the examples of 1D and 2D advection (including the test on the sphere with the flow over the poles).
The ray tracer has an absolute accuracy of several nanonewtons by comparing the test results for spheres and planes with the analytical computations.
Its bounding spheres can be updated after deformation in any order, and at a cost independent of the geometric complexity of the model; in fact the cost can be as low as one multiplication and addition per tested sphere, and at most linear in the number of reduced deformation coordinates.
In our tests Sphere blog relevance is very good.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com