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The surface contact temperatures were estimated by finite element simulations.
In stage one, friction is provided by the surface contact between the wedge and the shoes.
The surface contact angle is assumed to be 80° which is categorised as an intermediate wet.
The related high hydrophilicity may contribute to the surface contact of pathogens and peptides.
Figure 4 shows the results of the surface contact angle measurements.
The higher surface roughness would increase the surface contact angle more preferably.
Then, the surface contact provided by adjacent actuators (Figure 2(b)) is observed.
Thus, the surface contact area of fibers with concrete matrix allows good frictional resistance against pullout or tensile load.
The surface contact area between the metal bridge and the dielectric layer is greatly increased after the planarization.
After the test was finished, the surface contact angle and rolling angle could still reach 152.2° and 5.4°, respectively.
The physical effect impacted on the orientation of the copolymer brushes, as well as on the surface contact area available.
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