Validity is seen as an integral or 'a unitary concept' (APA, 1985, p. 9) with six distinct but interdependent aspects of content, substantive, structure, generalizability, external and consequential validity, which jointly function as general validity criteria for all educational and psychological measurement (Messick 1994c pp. 11 12; Messick 1996, p. 9).
The Malawi case study demonstrates the presence of a network in which the two sectors are connected via substantive structures and co-ordination mechanisms which link services and staff from the different government departments (with clearly defined responsibilities) with CSOs, community authorities and residents.
There are different ways to understand what it means for a structure to minimize the substantive assumptions about the players' higher-order information.
One strategy to support extrapolation and reduce arbitrary fitting and confounding is to force the model to derive from the same mathematical structure that underlies the substantive science appropriate for the phenomena.
Usually, the librettist produces the substantive ideas that inspire the composition, including the dramatic structure, characters and scenario of the opera.
No wonder the substantive policy differences between them have fallen into the background: when politics is structured around the opposition between competent technocrats on one hand and anti-establishment populists on the other, there is little room left for substantive policy disagreement in the middle.
For this reason, at all stages of the analysis, the structure of the model was reviewed from a substantive as well as a statistical viewpoint.
"The substantive issues," he said, "are secondary".
Does that get at the "substantive issue"?
That's the substantive reason.
