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We present a case study from Botswana applying this assessment, and then discuss the substantive outcomes, as well as the need to promote more global dialogue in institutional strengthening for research ethics.
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Suppose there are only two candidates, A and B, in the precinct and the vote count without cheating would have been heavily in favour of A anyway, i.e. the false recording of votes made no significant difference either in terms of the substantive outcome (A winning) or in terms of the margin of the win (A winning by a landslide).
Does that get at the "substantive issue"?
Clinicians need a reliable and valid measure consistent with the ICF model to document the most substantive outcome of rehabilitation community integration particularly for patients with stroke.
This will give America a significant military presence there for the first time since its forces left bases at Clark and Subic Bay in the early 1990s.As for Mr Obama's two-day trip to South Korea, the most substantive outcome was also military in nature.
This Cochrane Review aims to address the following questions: Does chemoprevention reduce mortality and substantive outcomes in the mother and infant?
From a clinical standpoint, a programme that was intended to be an enjoyable distraction has yielded substantive outcomes for the patients.
Certain practices and individual factors sustained better performance for the substantive safety outcomes.
Although no follow up studies have reported substantive outcomes, it is plausible that the iron deficiency associated with immediate cord clamping could leave the child more susceptible to infection, and with impaired growth and development in early childhood.
But procedural fairness does not secure substantive outcomes in high-income countries, where the proliferation of anti-discrimination policies since the 1970s has been accompanied by sharply increasing inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth.
The framing and design of sustainability assessment are vitally important, as process compromises or trade-offs can have substantive consequences in terms of sustainability outcomes delivered, with the choice of alternatives considered being a particularly significant determinant of substantive outcomes.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com