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The loss of COMECON markets in 1990 and the subsequent "shock therapy" of the planned system caused a steep decline in industrial and agricultural production, ultimately followed by an economic collapse in 1997.
As shown in Fig. 2, frequencies of ROSC remained over 30%% after a 20-minute interval from the initiation of CPR by EMS providers to the first shock delivery in the subsequent shock group.
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The reason might be the widely disturbed stress due to the M = 8.0 Nobi event and the subsequent shocks that might be triggered by the Nobi earthquake (e.g., #11, #13, #14, #19, and #25).
We further investigated factors associated with the presence of subsequent shock delivery, particularly regarding the etiology of CA, using multivariate regression analysis.
The secondary outcome variable was the presence of subsequent shock delivery.
The frequency of subsequent shock in Japan was lower than that in Europe, the United States (Table 5), and Australia [ 21].
For the secondary analysis, we used a multivariate logistic regression to assess factors associated with the presence of subsequent shock.
Younger age, witnessed arrest, initial pulseless electrical activity rhythms, and cardiac etiology were significantly associated with the presence of subsequent shock in patients with initially non-shockable rhythms.
The association of subsequent shock deliveries with altered clinical outcomes in patients of initially nonshockable rhythms has been analyzed in six studies (Table 5) [ 11, 12, 14– 17].
As shown in Table 5, there are regional differences in the prevalence of subsequent shock deliveries in patients with initially nonshockable rhythms.
Cardiac etiology was associated with the presence of subsequent shock and increased 1-month favorable neurological outcome in patients with initially nonshockable rhythms.
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