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The cross-sectional nature of the study impedes causal inference and any conclusions regarding potential effects of intervention must therefore remain speculative.
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The observational design of this study impedes us from suggesting a causative association between these findings and their role in CD pathogenesis or indeed in proposing a mechanism of therapeutic action of EEN based on the changes in the gut microbiota.
The cross-sectional nature of the current study impedes drawing any conclusions regarding the direction of causality, if any, that yielded the identified associations.
The relatively low number of patients included in our study impedes us in exploring the value of these biomarkers in specific infections or in different types or pathogen (i.e. Gram-negative infection).
This methodology still presents some inconvenience because it allows one to evaluate a method only in terms of sensitivity – the ability to detect all horizontal transfers – and not in terms of specificity – the ability to avoid detecting native genes – because by definition, the horizontal transfers already present in the genome under study impede this evaluation.
The paucity of such studies impedes the use of traditional pairwise meta-analysis to inform the clinical decision-making process.
A few smaller studies of patients undergoing medical care in diverse locations reported prevalence for subsets of the endoscopic and histopathological outcomes of interest; 32 42 however, the diverse selection criteria across these studies impede meaningful summarisation of data patterns.
The dearth of fine-grained studies impedes disentangling historical effects from the effects of potentially varying levels of environmental heterogeneity on species diversity [13].
However, important methodological differences exist between the studies, which impede direct comparisons.
The fundamental biological differences in growth and development processes between pigs and cattle and the studied insects impeded further synchronization.
The meta-analysis of the other outcomes proved untenable as the wide range of instruments and indicators used to assess socio-cultural variables such as social support, stigma, depression, and self-efficacy, introduced too much heterogeneity in the studies and impeded the pooling and synthesis of the results.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com