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It is well known that, depending upon the thermo-hygrometric environment, surface flaws in glass can grow over time even when they are well below the critical size, eventually leading to failure of the stressed material.
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The theory and mathematical representation of XRD by a simple lattice was studied in detail by Laue [36] and Bragg [29], and it is very known that XRD lines of the stressed materials exhibit asymmetrical and broadened line profiles depending on the magnitude of the stress [37].
A design method was developed which is based on FE calculation of the maximum local stress, the appertaining stress gradient and the highly stressed material volume.
All three specimens were designed with the same minimal thickness of the contralateral cortical of exactly 5 mm in order to keep the highly stressed material volume identical or at least as comparable as possible.
Material ratcheting can be identified on the level of homogeneously stressed material test bodies.
After hardening the epoxy around the fibers into a stiff plastic, the researchers mechanically stressed the material.
Polymers are structured systems where order phenomena develops the stresses in the material during flow (Pierre-Gilles de Gennes [15]).
When safety factors are reduced to save weight the stresses in the material will approach the yield condition.
The stresses in the material will comprise two components due to the tensile loading, a tensile stress and a shear stress on the line of fracture due to the tensile loading (Fig. 7).
The data are used to quantify the stresses in the materials and to propose possible degradation mechanisms.
The stresses acting upon a material in the real world are usually random in nature rather than cyclic.
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