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However, other critical parameters such as the uncertainty in the fracture toughness value and the working stress type in the steel component are not taken into account.
This paper investigates the occurrence of local buckling in bare steel and concrete-filled tubes to study how different depth-to-thickness ratios affect the response of the steel component.
Particular structural forms such as circular tubular sections when under load may experience premature local buckling of the steel component, attributable to the thin-walled nature of the section.
The uncertainty in the fracture toughness increases as the steel component becomes thicker, which in combination with an increase in the demand for thick steel components in construction is cause for concern.
At ∼600 °C where the steel component was usually operated in engineering practice, the 100 MPa-stress creep lifetime of the Ce-doped steel was about 2.3 times as long as that of the undoped steel and the 105 h creep rupture strength of the former was about 7% higher than that of the latter.
From a design viewpoint, it has been observed that local buckling needs to be included in the calculation of the contribution of the steel component to the bearing capacity of a concrete-filled tube when its depth-to-thickness ratio is over 50.
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The concrete components have smaller residual displacements compared to the steel components.
They can be distorted about 20 times as much as the steel components they replace before they reach their elastic limits.
Gregg Pasquarelli, a principal at SHoP Architects, which designed the arena, said the steel components spent about four months at an Indianapolis plant where they were put through more than a dozen wet-and-dry cycles a day.
However, the global performance of composite joints is markedly affected by the structural interaction between the concrete slab and the steel components and - especially during seismic events - struts can occur in the slab at the beam-to-column intersection.
Therefore, we use a computational framework to model the hybrid masonry that uses a typical plasticity model with hardening for the steel components and a nonlocal two-scalar damage model that accounts for tension and compression for the masonry panel.
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