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◦ Level 2 – Minor Difficulty Minorr departure in language would be necessary to maintain conceptual equivalence with the source wording.
This recommendation is suggested when the source wording is the best way to express the concept in the source language but does not translate well.
Ratings of 3 or 4 are likely to be associated with recommendations for revisions to the source wording to address the threat to conceptual equivalence, while a rating of 2 may result in suggested alternative wording for future translations that is considered conceptually equivalent but no proposed changes to the source text.
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This technique essentially requires that the source word be translated uniformly throughout its multiple occurrences in a work (and that the single target word chosen not be used to translate any other source words).
Notably, whether the source word of the stimulus manipulation was the long (CVV) or the short (CV) counterpart did not interact with any of the predictors, showing that the effect of tone was equally strong independent of the source, even though there were overall more 'long' categorizations with CVV than CV source words, as shown by the significant main effect (Table 2).
Novel words trained on day 1 were assigned a frequency of occurrence equal to the frequency of the source words in the experimental item set; this is the amount of learning assumed for novel words).
Allowed variations imply that the target words are accepted synonyms of each other or the source words have more than one meaning and this case requires no further explorations.
Information is encoded by the parameters of the light and the photosensitizer doses as the source "words" or "code" (death signals) and is transformed into a form, through activated photosensitizers, that can be transmitted through the "channel" of molecular interactions.
Some sources identify the Spanish source word for cochineal as cochinilla "wood louse" (a diminutive form related to Spanish, cerdo and chancho, ultimately from French cochon, meaning "pig")." Cochineal dye was used by the Aztec and Maya peoples of Central and North America.
Each item was described in terms of the source questionnaire, wording of the question and response options, original concept measured, and domain assigned according to our new classification.
The correlation between the source information word b m and the relay information words b m,n is described by BSC m,1 up to BSC m,N with error probabilities q m,1 up to q m,n.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com