Here, we present the first roughness study combining a high-resolution (250 to 500 m) DEM of a large land-terminating section (12,000 km2) of the Greenland Ice Sheet with the topography of the proglacial area.
The observed behaviour is discussed indicating that for the first group plasticity-induced crack closure should mainly be responsible for the observed material dependence, whereas for the second group roughness-induced crack closure also plays an important role.
In the first step, roughness measurements involving AFM-tips with different radius curvature indicate the C Ni multilayer surface profile as being in the nanometer and sub-nanometer range, representing a high quality ended surface of the reflectors.
These results are a consequence of the increasing thickness, which is around 600 μm in the case of the film formed by 100 bilayers of the second set; the roughness could also contribute to the scattering of light, increasing the optical transmission losses.
The second category to reduce roughness is to deposit a transparent but nonconductive polymer on top of the nanowire film [12, 23 25].
The first level of roughness (∼1 μm) was obtained by plasma etching of a rough polymer film (PTFE).
Current-driven ECP lasting for 3 min, as the first step, quickly removed the surface grinding marks and subsurface damage while the following potential-driven ECP lasted for 20 min, as the second step, improved the surface roughness and an ultra-smooth surface with an Ra roughness of 17.6 nm was finally obtained.
The first component is roughness or hoarseness R due to structural aperiodicities, i.e., random pitch period or amplitude perturbations.
For samples with equal length of oligomers introduced at each stage of the modification (samples 2 and 5), depending on the amount of modifying mixture at the first step, a roughness was radically changed (Fig. 9).
In their study, damage depth was found to be proportional to the second order function of surface roughness, namely, (delta = chi SR^{2} + l), where constant l is related to the geometric shape of abrasives and to material properties.
