The magnetic properties of the samples were measured using physical properties measurement system (PPMS) of Quantum Design.
The contact angles of the samples were measured using a contact angle measurement system by the sessile drop method (EasyDrop, model DAS30, kruss, Germany).
The electrical properties of the samples were measured using a Hall Effect Measurement System HMS-30000, EcopiAnyangang, South Korea) at room temperature.
Weighed samples (~0.1 g DW) were digested using H2SO4-H2O2 and the samples were measured using the machine AutoAnalyzer 3 (SEAL).
The elemental compositions of the samples were measured using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) method.
Mechanical properties of the samples were measured using standard analytical methods both during steady-state and dynamic transition periods.
The electromagnetic parameters of the samples were measured using a vector network analyzer (Agilent 8722ES) in the range of 1-18 GHz after a full two-port calibration (Supplementary Fig. S4 S6).
The wear of the samples were measured using pin-disk friction and wear testing machine in dry condition.
The levels of glucose, xylose, LA, acetic acid, and formic acid in the samples were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a Bio-Rad HPX-87H ion-exclusion column equipped with an Agilent 1200 and a RID-10A or SPD-20A detector.
The contents of the proteins in the samples were measured using the Bio-Rad protein assay (Bio-Rad) and then the samples were heated at 99 °C for 5 min and loaded onto a 4 15%stacking/7.5%% separating SDS-polyacrylamide gel (Bio-Rad Laboratories).
The electrical properties of the samples were measured using EIS.
