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The samples were characterized with different characterization techniques.

The crystal structures of the samples were characterized by XRD.

The samples were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, SEM and TEM.

The samples were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

The samples were characterized by TEM and XRD.

The photoluminescence properties of the samples were characterized.

First, the samples were characterized by HR-XRD and PL.

The samples were characterized by optical absorption spectroscopy.

The samples were characterized using XRD and SEM measurements.

The samples were characterized by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).

All the samples were characterized by a very advanced degree of autolysis (liquified brains).