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The traditional single objective optimization in sampling is usually achieved either by minimizing the variance of the sample estimates assuming constraints on the cost of all the measurements in the sample or by minimizing the cost assuming constraints on the variance.
The significance of the calculated Student's t-test statistic (which tests H 0, i.e. the mean of the sample estimates equals the population mean) was also calculated.
In model (1), if and are cross-mixing, the observed signal is cyclostationary, and the sample estimates of its cyclic statistics converge in the sense of mean square and are asymptotically normal [15].
Therein, bootstrap samples are generated and the sample estimates of CV, skewness, and kurtosis (represented as ({hat gamma }_{2}), ({hat gamma }_{3}) and ({hat gamma }_{4}), respectively) are calculated in order to generate the "concentration ellipse" to graph on the moment ratio diagrams.
Finally, the sample estimates were compared with estimates obtained from other sources where possible.
Second, the sample estimates were extrapolated to the population in each province by reweighting the estimates based on the sampling ratios.
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The date is uncertain; archaeologists place it in the 7th century, whereas runologists, citing transitional rune forms and the relatively modern language of the sample, estimate the 8th or even the 9th century.
Note that, A E m, n f y is the sample estimate of A E f y.
where τ ^ k NSCM = tr{ X ˜ k X ˜ k H } J ( N − P ) is the sample estimate of the local disturbance power in the reference range cells.
Analysis of the bootstrap distributions revealed that in most of these cases the distributions were positively skewed and biased relative to the sample estimate (figure S1).
It is therefore important to measure the variability that is inherent in the sample estimate.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com