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In addition, we demonstrate that the contextual information is crucial for these neurons to respectively elicit positive or negative motivational responses by the same conditioned tone.
Interestingly, the same VTA neurons also responded reliably to the same conditioned tone when it predicted free fall in the free fall chamber (Figure 6D, middle panel).
The same conditioned tones were presented 5 times on each experimental day without the footshock after the baseline level of freezing behavior was assessed for 5 min. Freezing behavior was analyzed for 20 s after the presentation of each tone.
When the same conditioned tone was delivered to mice in a neutral chamber that was not associated with any event, it did not produce significant changes in firing (Figure 6D, right panel).
Population analysis again, confirmed that these type-3 neurons increased their firing to the same conditioned tone in the reward and free fall chambers (Figure 7B, left and middle panels), but not in the neutral chamber (Figure 7B, right panel) (P<0.05, Student's t-test).
We asked whether environmental context played a role in encoding negative events, and more importantly, how the VTA dopamine neurons would respond to the same conditioned cue but co-linked to distinct contexts that would predict opposite outcome (e.g., reward vs. aversive stimuli).
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