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Figure 1 Layout of the RWG 90° hybrid coupler.
These advanced nanostructures allow for the design of the number and wavelengths of the RWG resonances.
This was because the RWG EAM devices had heights of approximately 1.2 μm; hence, higher chances of misalignment and poorer yield would be expected if the latter method (i.e., defining photoresist pattern) was employed.
This difference in value is related to the fact that, due to the fabrication errors in the RWG coupler, the coupling factor obtained is [ to ] dB (see Figure 2).
Members of Oryza share a group of closely related Ty3-gypsy retrotransposons, called the RWG family, whose common ancestor was at least as old as the genus itself (Ammiraju et al. 2007), although it is somewhat similar to the Grande elements of Zea mays (Ohtsubo et al. 1999).
The ADS-based receiver model is composed of the six-port model constructed on the measurement results of the RWG 90° hybrid coupler, two pairs of cross-polarized antennas, four power detectors, low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), millimeter-wave amplifiers A2, and baseband amplifiers A3 (gains of 5 dB, 25 dB, and 30 dB, resp).
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MFH designed and conducted the validation study, participated in the design, collected research data, wrote the manuscript, and contributed to the discussion; RWG participated in the design, contributed to the discussion, and reviewed the manuscript; PS conducted the analysis and reviewed the manuscript; JBM designed the study, contributed to the discussion, and reviewed/edited the manuscript.
The far-field patterns (FFP) shown in the inset of Fig. 4 indicate the InAs RWG QD laser emitted at single lateral mode under different injection current levels from 450 mA to 600 mA.
The narrow RWG InAs QD lasers also emit in single lateral mode.
The far field patterns (parallel to the junction plane) of the InAs QD lasers were measured under the above mentioned pulsed conditions at 20 °C. Figure 2a shows a cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the narrow RWG laser structure investigated in this work.
The exact RWG resonance for a plane wave impinging and an order p (often p = ±1) is given by Eq. (1): where θinc is the angle of incidence, k0 = 2 π/ λ is the vacuum wavevector of incident light at vacuum wavelength λ, G0 = 2 π/Λ is the grating wavevector, and neff is the guided mode effective index in the adequate polarization of wavevector kguid.
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