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The reference barrel was filled with 1 M KCl and the ionselective barrel was filled at the tip with liquid ion exchanger (Hydrogen ionophore II - Cocktail A, Fluka 95297) and back-filled with buffer solution (500 mM KCl, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4).
The technique provides excellent control over the internal silanization process, excludes silane from the reference barrel without the need for N2 purging of the reference barrel, minimizes electrode manipulation and makes it possible to silanize several high quality ISMEs simultaneously.
Inadvertent silanization of the reference barrel results in ion-selective coupling, slower reference-barrel response times and misleading readings.
The reference barrel was also comprised of borosilicate tubing, but with a slender borosilicate rod fused inside (commonly referred to as omega-dot tubing).
Further, the ISME tip could clog with salt crystals from electrolyte originating from the reference barrel even after multiple rinses and >24 hours of soaking (Fig. 2).
The desired chemical potential is isolated from the net signal by mathematically subtracting the electrical potential reported by the reference barrel or microelectrode (5).
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The shorter reference barrel was protected from silanization by sealing the open end with Parafilm (Alcan Packaging, Chicago, IL).
However, the septum can be compromised during pulling (16), the tubing may not be compatible with conventional halfcell/holders and they require complicated silanization procedures to prevent reference-barrel contamination (3, 15).
Opposition activists, meanwhile, took to Twitter using a hashtag campaign with the words "The Team of Barrels" written under the "Eagles of Qasyoun". It was a reference to barrel bombs, the crude explosives used in airstrikes by government forces.
The tighter the barrel the better.
The problem is the barrel.
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