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The bottleneck effects exerted by the reduction of effective population size may therefore explain the local-scale genetic differentiation and low levels of within-population genetic diversity in our studied clonal self-incompatible species, A. halleri subsp. gemmifera.
The reduction of effective lane width.
The reduction of effective lane width .
The reason is the reduction of effective index difference between core and cladding.
This embrittlement is understood to be associated with the reduction of effective normal stresses by fluid pressure (Raleigh and Paterson 1965).
Therefore, the sub-band states of Cu2+ and oxygen defects are responsible for the reduction of effective band gap of TiO2 nanoparticles.
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The reduction of the effective dimensions of the structure will result in a shortening of the effective electron-impurity distance, with the consequence of a decrease in the energies of both states.
Dam failure occurred by the formation of a hydraulic crack aligned perpendicular to the downstream face due to the reduction of the effective stress of the soil.
The drain-source saturation current enhancement of the multiple-gate ZnO MOSFETs could be attributed to the reduction of the effective gate length.
The effect is more pronounced in low-density fine-grained soils and cohesionless soils with high void ratios, in which the development of very high pore-water pressure conditions leads to the reduction of the effective stress of the soil.
High carbon nanotube (CNT) crystallinity plays key role for the reduction of the effective work function from the dissociated hydrogen adsorption, leading to the field emission current increase.
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