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The question of causation, however, remains contested.
It holds out the promise of perhaps being able to do an end run around the question of causation.
"In those 2013 experiments, we focused on the question of causation – can reading fiction cause improved theory of mind, at least in the immediate context of reading?
A series of such studies, analyzing a multitude of traits, would eventually result in a preponderance of evidence supporting either innovation or diffusion, thus resolving the question of causation in cultural evolution.
The costs of even moderately slower growth can quickly add up, however: Ms Reinhart and Mr Rogoff warn that the average debt overhang lasts more than 20 years.The latest dust-up does nothing to answer the question of causation.
Douglas A. Berman, an expert on sentencing issues at Ohio State University's law school, said that the latest decision suggests that judges are becoming "notably less eager to fudge the law" on the question of causation "to enable an obviously deserving victim to collect from an obviously unpleasant defendant" in these cases.
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Moral and political philosophers, Hockett and Kreitner noted, have admirably tackled the "what inequalities matter" and "why" questions for decades now, while some social scientists have done helpful work on the questions of causation and cure.
Hybridization, and the question of human causation, may play a role in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's upcoming decision on whether golden-winged warblers warrant federal protection under the Endangered Species Act.
Without some better consensus on this enormous topic, we are not likely to get far on the question of mental causation, and solid progress on the attribution of content may still leave it murky how the contents of attitudes can be among the causal factors that produce behavior.
One problem with the current study, according to Sicherer, is that it does not necessarily address the question of "reverse causation". "Mothers of infants [might] have been told that breastfeeding [protects against allergies] because early studies showed that compared to having formula, infants [who were] breastfed had [fewer] allergic skin rashes and milk allergies," he said.
"The importance of the original kidney slides and the re-cut kidney slides is immense to the question of general causation and played a critical role in the EPA's decision to re-categorize glyphosate…" the plaintiffs' attorneys stated in a court filing.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com