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In this review, the mechanisms of duplication, the processes of fixation or maintenance of duplicates and their impact in evolutionary history are discussed.
Pollen tubes on stigmas collected at 8 and 12 h after pollination were increasingly fragile, thus they were more easily washed away during the processes of fixation in FAA, softening in 1 N NaOH, and washing in distilled water.
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We investigate the effect of deleterious mutations on the process of fixation of new advantageous mutants in an asexual population.
Despite the substantial benefit provided by non-shattering ears, the process of fixation of this trait was drawn out over a millennium (Tanno and Willcox 2006; Balter 2007).
Briefly, the process of fixation implies the denaturalization of a biological molecule, specifically changing its shape, which enables the molecule to withstand the rigors of the tissue processing by locking the secondary structure [2] and preventing the degradation of this molecule by way of endogenous or microbial enzymes [3].
The process of fixation and embedding itself [2] [5] as well as storage of the embedded samples over an extended time period [6] clearly have a decidedly negative impact on the quality of DNA and RNA that can be isolated from such samples.
The modification of color may be generally used to control the process of fixation.
For clonal interference, competition between beneficial haplotypes will slow the process of fixation [ 38, 39].
The process of fixation might be further delayed by a complex population structure.
It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the process of fixation incurs alterations in the RNA molecules present in cells [ 3- 5].
The process of fixation and the dependence of ρ with the mutation rate μ have been described in detail elsewhere [ 9].
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