Sometimes, only scale can provide producers the price efficiency to win any customers at all.
"Twenty years ago no engineers imagined they'd have power transistors at the price, efficiency and capabilities we have now," says Zommer.
More recently, Chaboud et al. (2014) studied the impact of algorithmic trading in the foreign exchange market using a long time series of high-frequency data, and also found an improvement in the price efficiency after using algorithm trading, and fewer arbitrage opportunities for slower traders.
Huang Ge and Lin (2011) started with the relation between behavior patterns of institutional investors and the pricing efficiency of the capital market, and used shareholding data of securities investment funds to empirically study the influence of funds shareholding behavior and shareholding changes on the pricing efficiency of the capital market.
Liao (2010) took constituent stock from the SSE 50 index as a study sample and discussed the pricing efficiency of stock from the perspective of the specific information content in individual stocks.
A judicious distribution of the scarce permits that targets the dual objectives of price efficiency and social diversity in vehicle ownership can however mitigate the controversy.
In theory, these price efficiencies could be passed to consumers.
The defenders say such bets provide liquidity to the market and improve price efficiency.
Thus, future research should investigate not only the price, but also the cost efficiency of the exposure assessment methods in terms of value outputs like precision and bias of the resulting information.
"However, if you are in a remote community, or if you are in a community in a developing country where there is no electricity grid, and the alternative is generating power by burning diesel, then solar panels and some batteries, if the efficiency of the panels is improved and the price and efficiency of the batteries has come down could actually be and very often is much more cost effective.
A study of 42 subjects indicated that, among the various features of PrEP (including price, efficiency, side effects, and duration of treatment), the most important ones included price, efficacy, and safety, but did not include duration of treatment.
