The constructed genosensor was capable to determine complementary oligonucleotide sequences with a detection limit in the pM range.
After chemical functionalization, these sensors demonstrate sensitivity in the pM range and selectivity to many classes of biomolecules as a three terminal liquid-gated field effect transistor.
The SPAD aptasensor showed a Limit of Detection (LoD) in the pM range, stability (up to 42 days) and re-usability (up to seven cycles).
The buffer capacity of the two-phase buffer is considerably greater than that of a single-phase buffer in the pM range around their maximum values (Povar 1996a, b, c, 2000b).
The heterogeneous equilibrium causes the specificity of these buffers with respect to mono-phase buffers; the pM at which the buffer capacity is maximum, namely the pM range of the buffer action, can be changed by varying the amount of the second phase.
This supports the concept that enhancements due to polypeptide conjugation are not limited to small molecule ligands that bind proteins in the mM to μM range but may be used also for nM ligands to provide recognition elements with dissociation constants in the pM range.
Figure 3D shows that PAI-1 binds to SMTB 1 44 with a KD in the pM range (∼40 pM; Table 2) as previously reported [15].
In HeLa cells for example, the concentration of free Zn2+ in mitochondria is in the pM range but nM in the cytoplasm.
