This may jeopardise the persistence of trees in agricultural landscapes and the ecosystem services these treed landscapes offer.
It is not surprising that increasing the frequency of stand-replacing wildfire might reduce the persistence of trees occupying sites no longer favorable for their establishment.
Location factors have been previously demonstrated to be important in explaining the persistence of trees in fragments in the environmentally diverse region of Xishuangbanna, China (Liu and Slik, Biological Conservation, 2014).
Similarly, our simulations did not consider other disturbance agents (e.g., insects) or stress-related tree mortality (e.g., from drought) that are likely to be enhanced by climate change (Allen et al. 2010, Gustafson and Shinneman 2015), and thus likely to effect the persistence of trees in unfavorable sites.
Canopy gap-scale processes involving the death of a tree or group of trees are often necessary for the persistence of shade tolerant tree species in forests (Runkle and Yetter 1987; Runkle 1998; Frelich 2002; Kincaid 2012).
All networks were very robust to host-tree extinctions, particularly under the "rarest species model" – in which the persistence of a single tree species was generally enough to ensure the persistence of most of epiphyte species.
Mitigating these risks could entail such interventions as building closed wells, managing the grazing patterns of livestock, and encouraging the persistence of primate food trees within fragments.
On the other hand, the persistence of a ladder-like phylogenetic tree topology predicts possible emergence of a clade Id DENV-1 in the next major DENV-1 outbreak in Malaysia perhaps in or around 2019.
However, appropriate management is required to ensure the persistence of source populations of old-growth forest tree species.
To manage for the persistence of specific species within restored forest patches, tree density and midstory cover should aim to be at, or close to, reference forest levels.
