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"You can pull votes from the 1980s, but the overall track record is one of fiscal responsibility and conservatism," Mr. Miner said.
The overall track stiffness can then be calculated according to stiffness definitions like secant stiffness or tangent stiffness.
At last, the track component stiffness and the overall track stiffness can be calculated through parameter identification (see Fig. 4).
The stiffness measurement method based on the Winkler elastic foundation model uses track modulus to characterize the overall track stiffness.
The overall track stiffness, over an average time period, can be obtained according to wheel rail force and vertical displacement.
The overall track stiffness is usually adopted to characterize the total stiffness of all layers and reflect the stiffness characteristics of the whole track structure [1, 2].
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The overall tracking bandwidth is widened by compensating for the closed loop dynamics in a feedforward manner.
The integration between INC robustness and the accuracy of fractional-order can enhance the overall tracking performance in comparison to the conventional tracking techniques.
For tracking control, the overall tracking errors can be further reduced by introducing an extra integral action, although it is not possible to completely eliminate the friction effect in the case that reference trajectories cross zero velocity.
The convergence of the switching surface is ensured in finite time and the overall tracking error tends to be bounded due to the estimation error bound of the observer.
In Section 3, we demonstrate the optimization of the objective function and the overall tracking algorithm.
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