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Due to uncertainty nature of electrical/thermal load, photovoltaic and wind turbine output power and market price, a two-stage scenario-based stochastic programming model, where the first stage prescribes the here-and-now variables and the second stage determines the optima value of wait-and-see variables under cost minimization.
On the basis of the above constraints and formulas, we can obtain the optima value of N R and N M, which is illustrated in Fig. 4.
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It is shown that there do exist optima values for the face velocity, fin density, tube diameter and heat exchanger effectiveness that minimize the production of entropy, so that some design guidelines are proposed.
To obtain insight into the fitness landscapes of proteins, Kauffman and Weinberger applied the n-k model to affinity maturation of the immunoglobulin V region; based on the number of steps in the adaptive walk up to the local optima, the value of k was estimated to be about 40 in this case [2], [3].
The black diamonds mark the AIC-values which would result if the optima determined by Mehtätalo (2004, 2005) in Finland would be applied.
Besides detecting the most important variables of the system, the optima could be located as being inside the experimental region evaluated (between the values -1 and + 1) or outside (more than + 1 or less than -1).
Dissimilar values for dC and dF surprisingly affected the overall survival more than the location of the optima (Fig. 5G I, note a different scaling compared with Fig. 5D F).
Each of the optima was found several times.
Any deviation from the optima is under the purifying selection.
The tables show results for different values of d, and also include data for an exhaustive grid search with the resolution needed to locate the optima with the same accuracy as used for the other methods.
Similarly, while thermodynamically-weighting the EMs, the best individual in the Pareto optima had fitness values of 0.6885 and 0.2112 and a product of 0.1454, also much lower than the value of approximately 0.26 found in the solution of the single-objective GA with the coupled fitness function.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com