The observation of parallel evolution, the repeated evolution of the same phenotype or genotype in independently evolving populations, is often attributed to strong selection.
Applying the SR-CT technology on the research of microwave sintering can realize the observation of the evolution of microstructure under microwave and high-temperature field in a nondestructive, 3D and real-time way, provide more accurate experiment data for revealing the kinetics mechanism, and offer direct foundation for establishing the theory of microwave sintering.
The observation of heat evolution indicates that the hydration rate is accelerated by gypsum, and formation of ettringite (AFt) and monosulfoaluminate (AFm) is probably the controlling factor at early age.
The observation of gas evolution on fully hydrophobic electrodes highlights the fact that bubbles growth rate on such electrodes differs from growth rates when bubble growth is controlled by mass transport of dissolved gas.
The observation of the evolution of the informal infrastructure system that manifests in the interactions between the pedestrians in the system are critical but the individual pedestrian alone is not critical.
Consistent with the observation of parallel evolution, we show that the relative contributions of chance are far smaller and less important than effects due to adaptation for the traits investigated.
The different repeats are known to undergo a process of homogenization by gene conversion leading to the observation of "concerted evolution" of these ribosomal genes (Nei and Rooney 2005).
The relative contributions of selection and mutation to the observation of parallel evolution remain unresolved, but our data help shed some light on the role of mutation in generating standing variation.
For instance, the observation of recurrent evolution of gastrointestinal RNAase paralogs in two leaf-eating monkey lineages made specific predictions that protein sequence changes in the gastrointestinal RNAase gene would enhance digestion, which were later experimentally confirmed (Zhang 2006).
In this case, the observation of co-evolution between the CTD and CTD-directed kinases need not have a phylogenetic basis, only a functional one.
