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Answering the sort of questions posed by inquisitive students noted above presents challenges in defining the object of explanation precisely and specifying the type of explanation being sought.
The first task is to specify the object of explanation.
The difference becomes clear only if the object of explanation and kind of explanation sought are described explicitly.
The above six objects of explanation are not necessarily all-inclusive; however, specifying the object of explanation carefully can help prevent mistakes.
The object of explanation can be a universal trait, such as bilirubin, or it can be traits that differ, for instance, versions of certain genes.
The first challenge is to specify whether the object of explanation is a trait universal in the species or variation in a trait (Q1).
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As explanations can never be universal (in the social sciences), they need to adequately meet four conditions to be accepted as a justification: The first condition indicates logical reasoning to explain something (the object of explanations is called explanandum).
This review also documents the prevalence of confusion arising from failure to specify the exact object of explanation, and it provides a useful taxonomy of evolutionary explanations for alleles that cause disease (see Table 2).
Since, for the Muslims, the Qurʾān is the uncreated word of God (the text revealed to Muhammad is considered an earthly manifestation of the eternal and uncreated original in heaven), it contains every truth, and whatever is said in it has been the object of meditation and explanation through the centuries.
For example, according to Dretske (1988), when my intention to drink water causes me to raise my glass, the behavior that is the object of the causal explanation is not a single event, but a complex process where an internal state causes some bodily movement.
The object of the one is explanation; the object of the other is use.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com