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The modulus is derived by means of a strain energy approach founded on micromechanics.
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The effect of nanoparticles on viscosity or, in the case of elastomers, the effect of nanoparticles on the elastic modulus is derived from hydrodynamic [45 47] or elastic equations [48].
In this QNM mode technique, the elastic modulus is derived from the force indentation curves by using 2 different models: (i) the Hertz Sneddon model (Sneddon, 1965) or (ii) the Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) model (Derjaguin et al., 1975).
We then apply the proposed general methods to the specific case of nanocomposites with monodisperse spherical inclusions, for which a lower bound on the bulk modulus is derived.
Using this approach, the elastic modulus is derived based on scaling factors which depend on cartilage thickness, indenter radius and Poisson's ratio, and the cartilage model is assumed isotropic and homogeneous, thereby greatly simplifying the true tissue characteristics.
An expression for the nonlinear shear modulus is derived based on the assumption of uniform distribution of micro-kinks and fiber misalignment defects.
The overall bulk modulus is derived in a simple form, based on the construction of neutral composite sphere.
The relationship between the measured yield stresses and the dynamic modulus was derived and the implications of the correlation are discussed.
The values for the bending modulus were derived from the stress-strain curves obtained from the bending tests, as described previously (Shinzato et al. 2002).
With the Brazilian test method, the quantity-relationship between the displacement and the elastic modulus was derived.
The stress was calculated as the force applied divided by the cross-sectional area of the helix, while the Young's modulus was derived from the slope of the stress strain diagram after linear regression fitting.
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