In the tissue localized to the defects of the untreated control group, the tangent modulus (defined as the slope of the curve at 5% strain) was significantly lower than that for normal cartilage at a compression rate of either 4 μm/s (Fig. 5a) or 100 μm/s (Fig. 5b), regardless of skeletal maturity of the pigs.
The elasticity of a material is often characterized using the elastic modulus, defined as the ratio of stress, the force per unit area, to strain, the fractional change in length of a sample: where E is the elastic modulus, σ is the stress, ε0 is the strain, F is the applied force, A is the area, Δ l is the change in length, and l0 is the original length of the sample.
A strain-controlled rheometer measures the elastic modulus, G' (defined as the propensity of the polymers to rebound after shear deformation), and the viscous modulus, G" (defined by how much the specimen can flow under stress), of the protein solutions following the onset of actin filament assembly.
The deformation modulus defined at 50% of peak strength is explored for designed materials at different binder contents and different curing times.
where Er is the effective elastic modulus defined by (3).
The observed maximum stress, strain and toughness modulus, defined as the area under the stress strain curve, are 69.4 MPa, 17.4% and 0.72 MJ/m3, respectively, and are compatible with the required jumping performances.
Here, R is the AFM tip radius, and E * is the effective Young's modulus defined as E * = [(1 − ν 1)/E 1 + (1 − ν2)/E 2]−1, where E i and ν i indicate the Young's modulus and the Poisson's ratio for AFM tip (i = 1) or nanowire (i = 2), respectively.
Evaluation was aimed at 6-nm-thick and 10-nm-thick diamond-like carbon (DLC) films deposited, using different methods, on a hard disk for the effective Young's modulus defined as E/(1 - ν2), where E is the Young's modulus, and ν is the Poisson's ratio.
The complexification of is defined by The modulus of is defined by (2.4).
Two primary properties of any metal are (1) its yield strength, defined as its ability to resist permanent deformation (such as a fender dent), and (2) its elastic modulus, defined as its ability to resist elastic or springy deflection like a drum head.
(3.12) The second component of the MNC ν is the modulus of equicontinuity defined in Section 2.1.
