Exact(5)
We also conducted a post hoc analysis of data specifically from the first 12 months of angiotensin receptor blocker use to provide information regarding the likely causality of associations detected.
On the basis of this structured approach to the evidence, the WCRF/AICR report drew conclusions for the likely causality of associations between individual foods or other nutritional characteristics and the risk of specific cancers.
Our analysis allows greater insight into the likely causality and mechanisms underlying any association and provides a practical insight allowing people with diabetes to weigh the benefits and risks of statin therapy given their condition.
Further research might focus on exploring the apparent protective association with lung cancer, and clarifying whether patients at high risk of breast or prostate cancer would benefit from alternative, equally effective antihypertensive drugs; we recommend that future studies include a careful assessment of the likely causality of any association.
Frameworks such as those developed by Bradford Hill (1965) provide a way to judge the likely causality of epidemiological associations because they explore key characteristics such as the size of the effect, the presence of a biological gradient, the consistency of the effect, or the biological plausibility.
Similar(55)
Phenotypes known to be affected by variation in these genes were determined from a search of the literature and were assessed for their likely causality for each sweep.
Additionally, Bell et al. (2011) showed that 25%% of variants, described as causal in mutation databases, were low frequency polymorphisms and not causal, highlighting the need to assess candidate variants further, gathering additional evidence for likely causality.
Beyond simply documenting these associations between health characteristics and CO2 emissions, our study has also quantified the relative contribution of different hypothesised mechanisms and provided some clues as to the likely directions of causality.
The defective lung development of the RASSF9−/− mice is likely the major causality of their failure to thrive and premature death.
On the supposition that no operational confounding applies, we believe the most likely explanation of the causality for a system which aims on implicit transfer of knowledge, as ViDCo does, is as follows: system acceptance is a prerequisite of learning.
Microsaccadic rate effects can be modulated in the absence of the facilitation effect, and, therefore, the direction of causality is likely to go from microsaccadic rate modulation to the facilitation effect, and not vice versa.
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