The second column of U, u 2, is associated with the largest subordinate root, and so on.
If comparable rates are known or can be estimated for a similar population, an appropriate value of w is the largest subordinate root of the projection matrix associated with that rate matrix.
In between, the breeder pairs were exchanged between the different large subordinate females.
Large subordinate females also reduced their level of brood care depending on the investment by small subordinate females, but again not vice versa (Table 2).
At the start of the second sequence large subordinates were 50.7±4.3 SL mm.
Similarly, large subordinate females appear to benefit from alloparental care by small subordinate females [21].
Of these 37 groups, 12 groups contained a large subordinate male (50.4±2.0 SL mm) and a small subordinate female (41.4±2.4 SL mm); 11 groups contained a large subordinate female (50.6±2.3 SL mm) and a small subordinate male (41.6±2.4 SL mm); 14 groups contained a large subordinate female (49.8±1.9 SL mm) and a small subordinate female (41.3±1.7 SL mm).
According to the 'pay-to-stay hypothesis' [23], [24], cichlid dominant breeders should incur some costs from harbouring subordinate group members: in males due to paternity loss, particularly to large subordinate males [20] [22]; and in females due to a reduction in growth rate [38], but not reproductive success [37], [38].
When both the dominants and subordinates produced clutches, dominants usually laid their first clutch before their subordinate(s) (average number of days since start sequence±s.d., all four experiments combined: dominants: 11.8±6.6 days, n = 44; large subordinates: 17.1±9.0 days, n = 36; small subordinates: 16.2±8.1, n = 13).
The objectives of Experiment 1 were to determine the interval from ovulation to deviation, and diameter of the dominant follicle (DF) and largest subordinate follicle (SF) at deviation in Nelore (Bos indicus) heifers by two methods (observed and calculated).
