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For the language outcomes, rs1718101 shows modest, significant association with age-at-first-phrase, acting either additively or dominantly but not recessively; rs17236239 shows modest association with age-at-first-phrase under a recessive model (Table 5).
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The overall effect of bilateral CIs, however, may depend on the activation ages, so inference proceeded by computing a "bilateral activation window," which was the range of ages within which the activation of a bilateral CI produced a significant and positive effect on the language outcome.
While they did employ a crossover design, the failure of random allocation of block order meant that time effects were conflated with treatment effects although the study was negative, with no significant drug (or time) effects found for any of the language outcome measures.
The same researchers also compared the spoken language outcomes of a smaller sample of children selected from the larger retrospective study (25 unilateral and 25 bilateral; Boons et al. 2012b).
Table 2 reports the difference of means t tests for each of the seven language outcomes, allowing for unequal variances between the two groups.
Fifty-one percent of the variance in vocabulary outcomes and between 59 to 69% of the variance in language outcomes was predicted by the regression models.
The paper discusses recent evidence on the assessment of language outcomes in children with hearing loss acquiring oral language.
Despite the large reported variability in language outcomes, the present study was able to account for a significant proportion of the variance in language outcomes (up to 69%), which was higher than that in many studies.
Furthermore, the relationship between language outcomes, medical morbidities and developmental trajectory in early infancy is unclear.
16 17 18 Parent based programmes have been reported to improve the short term language outcomes of children at risk and to reduce delays in expressive vocabulary development.
The coefficient β1 allowed the average language outcome to differ between children with unilateral and bilateral CIs.
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