(Chapter 5, Utilitarianism) Of course, he goes on, the justification must be a separate issue.
"All rubies are red" might strike you as being like "All crows are black", and so lead you to believe that if we are justified in believing that all rubies are red, the justification must be empirical.
"The justification must be genuine, not hypothesized or invented post hoc in response to litigation".
In the terms that have been used in this paper, what is gestured toward in step (3) by saying that "justification must be a purely internal affair" is just mentalism as we have construed it.
The full justification must be "publicly known, or better, at least to be publicly available".
"If they have to resort to a lie to justify [the project], then the actual justification must be pretty darn weak," says Bob Pyke, a Bay Area consulting engineer who specializes in earthquake protection and is an outspoken critic of Brown's plan.
His argument for this level of granularity is that the unit of public justification must be narrow enough to identify specific forms of behavior as permitted or prohibited but general enough that it can rightly be understood and internalized as governing classes of behavior (Gaus 2011, 122 125).
In light of these failures, Gaus argues that parties to the process of public justification must be understood as intrinsically rule-following in ways that sometimes frustrates their own goals, rejecting the bargaining view, and that the parties acknowledge that discourse will not resolve their disagreements, rejecting the discursive view.
Second, since the epistemological approach does not insist that all justification must be deductive, it allows the possibility of their being fallacies (as well as good arguments) by non-deductive standards, something precluded by SDF.
Emotivists deny that moral utterances are cognitive, holding that they consist in emotional expressions of approval or disapproval and that the nature of moral reasoning and justification must be reinterpreted to take this essential characteristic of moral utterances into account.
A justified contract must meet the full publicity condition: its complete justification must be capable of being actually accepted by members of a well-ordered society.
