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IVDs have two distinct regions, the inner nucleus pulposus (NP) which is jelly-like and rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and the outer annulus fibrosus (AF) which is organized into highly collagenous lamellae.
Retinal swelling in our I/R model has been shown to be due to the increase in inner retinal thickness [23]; therefore, retinal swelling was assessed by measuring the inner retinal thickness from the inner limiting membrane (ILM) to the inner nucleus layer (INL).
Low back pain is a common clinical problem that is attributed to degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD), and specifically the inner nucleus pulposus.
The more acute angles in aged lenses as compared to adult lenses signify that compaction occurred along the polar axis in the inner nucleus.
It is known that Sec61β in the inner nucleus membrane (INM) is required for the release of epidermal growth factor from the INM to the nucleus [ 19].
The inner nucleus behaves like a compressible gel (Rowat et al., 2006) and the nucleoskeleton is 5- to 10-fold stiffer than cytoskeleton (Simon and Wilson, 2011).
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As in non-diabetic lenses, the inner nuclei of cataractous lenses from diabetics were significantly more compacted than those of non-cataractous diabetics.
Employing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in an additional study [ 9], extensive fiber cell damage was noted in the outer adult nucleus of late-onset diabetic cataractous lenses, with minimal morphological disturbances in the inner nuclei.
The anterior and posterior disks of tissue overlying the inner nuclei were removed with forceps, and the process repeated until the distinct Y-suture pattern could be resolved on the lens surface (indicative of the FN).
On the other hand, favorable interactions within the inner core of the forming nucleus lead to a prospective gain in free energy, which scales with the volume V of the nucleus.
Whereas the inner core of the parrot song nuclei resembled the complete song nuclei of other birds, the additional outer shell showed different patterns of activity in many ways.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com