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My vote on the initial item was cast seven months ago and in case you missed it, I'm currently in the minority.
The initial item was selected according to the overall job-satisfaction level designated by the examinee's response at the beginning of the CAT questionnaire.
The relevance and other aspects of the initial items were evaluated qualitatively by the aforementioned experts.
Hence, the initial items were redefined, and those considered non-significant were removed.
As the initial items were emerging from the literature review and the retrospective chart review, the chaplain researchers perceived three categories of "granularity".
A table of specification (Table 1), with the initial items was created to guide the question construction (items = 27), on three levels of cognitive outcomes: knowledge, comprehension, and application [ 35].
The item pool was reviewed by 8 knowledgeable experts, including community health nurses or social workers, to check the face validity including the items' clarity and proper reading level [ 32] and the 24 initial items were refined.
Evaluation of the relevance of the items by a panel of 20 educational psychologists indicated that 27 of the 32 initial items were "essential" to evaluate university's student engagement by at least half of the specialists (CVR > 0) (see Table 1).
Stage one involved the development of QUAD where initial items were formulated based on previous versions of the DISC followed by two focus groups to formulate any further items and refine the measure.
Initial items were submitted to the expert panel to assess the importance and face validity of each item.
These 13 initial items were selected among the most informative items by an expert panel.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com