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While heterogeneity is thus of minor importance for bulk properties such as potency, a layered medium with a slab shows a systematically modified response, and the inferred differences in slip distribution may matter for detailed regional effects, such as inferences on afterslip or viscoelastic relaxation.
Comparison of the inferred differences between metabolic subsystems highlights multiple differences (Additional file 4: Subsystem enrichment).
Whether the inferred differences across populations are due to mtDNA introgression or related to genome reticulation is difficult to assess because bank voles from northern populations are also exclusively introgressed.
The survey was also conducted by independent groups of survey teams in each state, and unidentified sources of systematic error between teams may have biased state level estimates and the inferred differences between states.
We stress that observed differences in the sequence conservation patterns do not directly provide information on the causes for the inferred differences (for example in terms of variation in Ks/Kn ratio) nor the reasons for which the constraints might be different in different clades.
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Thus, consistent with the inferred difference in current Ne between species, we consistently infer higher rates of adaptive evolution in the larger D. pseudoobscura population.
Here, we would only consider an interval to be transitive with respect to one of the irreducible intervals if the inferred difference between the intervals is less than ϵ.
Particularly, when short introns are used as neutral reference sites, our estimates of the mean selection intensity on deleterious mutations, N × E s), are ∼2-fold (though not significantly) higher in D. simulans, which is consistent with the inferred difference in N e for the two species (table 1).
Furthermore, the difference between observed and inferred differences in the slowest evolving 30% of sites was reasonably low (fig. 5 F, slope = 0.4652, to compare with 0.2992 for the dataset without site deletion), showing that sites with a low level of saturation also supported netrin polyphyly.
It is the inferred cost difference between those two scenarios.
This inferred difference of the position of the tongue compared to normal subjects suggests that the shape of the vocal tract is changed during phonation for pathological subjects.
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