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Transformation begins with a voice, one that the hearer distrusts.
Is a lie only a story that the hearer disbelieves?
Successful communication requires that the hearer correctly decode the speaker's words into their associated ideas.
Those voices may issue commands, comment sarcastically on everyday actions or berate, curse and insult the hearer.
Without knowing whom the speaker is referring to, the hearer can't know what is meant by that utterance.
Gossip, though, demonstrates how secrets can become currency, as the teller invests the hearer with power in exchange for esteem.
Either the subject must be worth the trouble or the hearer must feel some obligation to the subject or orator.
(Contrast the hearer with the over hearer).
The testimony sustains the corresponding belief in the hearer.
For the hearer to trust the speaker's word is for the hearer to ascribe authority to the speaker.
Finally, the hearer has no special knowledge about the speaker.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com