We studied the geographical distribution patterns of the extinct macro-predatory shark Carcharocles megalodon in order to elucidate its pathway to extinction.
The geographical distribution patterns of ancestral groups of the two taxa, Calochortus and Scoliopus, were investigated by reconstructing trees (Patterson and Givnish 2002).
We hypothesized that this geographical distribution pattern is related to environmental tolerances of the three Caragana species during seed germination and seedling emergence stages.
To assess geographical distribution pattern of the virus, vampire bat-related cattle isolates belonging to clusters with bootstrap values at the shared internal branches of lineages exceeding 70% (Fig. 1), and clusters consisting of more than five samples with 100% nucleotide similarity were plotted on topographical Brazilian maps.
Because this balancing selection is rather recent (from geographical distribution pattern combined with population history), the authors built up evolutionary models and estimated the fitness costs of the bleeding allele.
Despite recent divergence of the tomato group (between ∼2.7 and <7 million years; Nesbitt and Tanksley 2002; Kamenetzky et al. 2010), each species appears to display a characteristic geographical distribution pattern and habitat preference across this environmentally diverse region (Rick 1973, 1978, 1979; Nakazato et al. 2010).
The current geographical distribution patterns of Tricyrtis, together with the divergence time and rate estimation data in this study, imply allopatric speciation caused by an abiotic factor, continental drift.
However, the occurrence of different types of reticulation in both sexes and disjunct geographical distribution patterns suggest an additional function of the reticulation.
Morphological traits and geographical distribution patterns were related to the presence or absence of fish, and to latitude.
Classical taxonomic and other approaches (population genetics, genetic diversity, pollination mechanisms and geographical distribution patterns) by Takahashi since the 1970s have provided a solid basis for using Tricyrtis as an excellent model system for the study of speciation rates.
