Yet over the last 40 years, an unholy alliance of big-business-hating liberals and tough-on-crime conservatives has made criminalisation the first line of attack a way to demonstrate seriousness about the social problem of the month, whether it's corporate scandals or e-mail spam," writes Gene Healy, a libertarian scholar.
This is the first empirical study of how criminalisation and policing of sex buyers shapes sex workers' risks for violence and poor health, outside of a small body of research in Scandinavia.
For the first 10 years of its life, the offence required those charged to be "in open air" – as hunt saboteurs, the obvious targets of the new criminalisation in 1994, would have been.
In recent years, the Indian and Singaporean courts have upheld the criminalisation of same-sex relations (that decision in India was recently referred back to the supreme court), and Burundi has outlawed homosexuality for the first time it its history.
Street papers have also been at the forefront of exposing what might be considered the "third way" of dealing with homelessness: criminalisation.
Six east European countries – Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania – signed a joint demand that Europe's new "Stockholm Programme" include not only sentiments of double genocide regarding the second world war, but also a demand for effective criminalisation of opposing points of view.
The third episode of 'High Society', our documentary series about drugs in the UK, premieres in early December and is about the criminalisation of nitrous oxide.
Terrorists are exploiting the phenomenon of the criminalisation of the state to expand their influence.
The segment began with the provocation "Are men second class citizens?" Miranda Devine invoked the spectre of the "criminalisation of masculinity" by man-hating mainstream feminists, before co-host Angela Cox identified herself a feminist who doesn't believe all men are rapists.
The latter approach would allow for the rule of law and for rehabilitation to deal with the problem, thereby avoiding the criminalisation of the poor.
