This was chosen as primary end point, as it takes into account the maximum gall bladder volume change occurring over the whole postprandial period investigated and also normalizes each subject's gall bladder to the starting fasted time point on each study day, making it easier to carry out comparisons in these multiple ways studies.
Firstly, most of the treatment differences became significant by repeated confirmation of subtle homeostatic alterations in metabolite concentrations (metabolites with response type A) without dealing with any day-to-day variations like in the 'long-term' fasted time course.
As a result, plasma glucose levels were higher in the glucose-fed state compared with the fasted state from time point t = 60 min onwards (p < 0.05).
In the post-exercise period, the carbohydrate oxidation was significantly higher in the glucose-fed state compared with the fasted state at all time points (p < 0.01), whereas the fat oxidation was significantly higher in the fasted state compared with the glucose-fed state at all time points (p < 0.01).
In mice fed a HFD at all points in time the fasted glucose levels were not affected (Fig. 2A), but fasted insulin levels in mice fed a HFD for 24 and 40 weeks were significantly elevated (Fig. 2B), suggesting a reduction in insulin sensitivity in these mice.
By this time, the fasted arm may have already "caught up" with the fed arm as we do not find any differentially expressed genes between the fasting and fed groups at the 10 hr time point, whereas that difference between those two arms existed at the 6 hr time point.
In the post-exercise period, plasma FA concentrations were higher at all time points in the fasted state compared with the glucose-fed state (p < 0.001), but there was no time or time × treatment interaction effect.
The results of this study show a significant influence of pellet feeding on carcass yield in fasted pigs, while the effects of pre-slaughter fasting time on meat quality traits were limited.
One of the most differentially down regulated genes in the sibutramine versus the fasted arm at the 10 hour time point was chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), a secreted cytokine involved in numerous inflammatory pathways.
At systems level, we detected coexpression network structure changes over time and between the fasted and fed states, providing insights into the pathways and mechanisms involved in the response to food intake.
