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Therefore predicting the hysteresis behavior of the harmonic sextupole steering functions became critical for those included in the fast-orbit feedback loop (22 of them).
Not only do they exert the greatest gravitational pull on their stars, but their fast orbits make their effects on starlight show up relatively quickly in astronomers' observations.
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This trajectory resembles a periodic orbit taken from the attracting branch of periodic orbits of the fast system, and does not drift in z because z ˙ = 0 for this orbit when averaged over the fast period.
The planet has the fastest and smallest orbit of any of the 100 or so Jupiter-like gas balls that have recently been found orbiting stars other than the sun.
Each time the trajectory passes through the saddle-node of periodic orbits it transitions from the branch of attracting to the branch of repelling periodic orbits of the fast system, but the direction in which the trajectory leaves the repelling branch of periodic orbits varies from one pass to the next.
The torus canard orbits spend long times near branches of attracting and repelling periodic orbits of the fast system in alternation, switching over from the former to the latter exactly near the saddle-node of periodic orbits.
Since the sheet S 2 a on the other side of F 1 is attracting, the fast directions will push these orbit segments toward S 2 a, provided that the lift-off up from S 1 r occurs not too far away from F 1. Note that the slow flow on S 2 a points back to F 1, so orbit segments that reach S 2 a will flow to F 1 and again drop down to S 1 a ; an example is shown in Figure 8b.
A different mechanism specifically for the transition between spiking and bursting has been related to so-called torus canards, which are orbit segments that connect the stable and unstable branches of periodic orbits of the fast subsystem [27 31].
In Figure 2a, the spiking orbit of the full system remains near the branch of attracting periodic orbits of the fast system and does not drift in because when averaged over the fast period (see [19] for a description of the averaging procedure).
Typically, the stable periodic orbits of the fast subsystem organise the spiking phase of the bursting oscillators [16, 19, 26].
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