From weight differences before and after the extraction, calculate the amount of the extractives [ 32, 33].
This seemed to indicate that alkali extraction effectively solubilised most of the extractives and resulted in a much better summative mass closure of 96 and 98% respectively for both the bark and hog fuel substrates.
This was particularly evident when trying to determine the lignin content, due to the incomplete removal of the extractives, even after a two stage water-ethanol extraction.
The extractives were removed from analyzed samples by Soxhlet extraction with acetone (6 h), according to the procedure adapted from TAPPI standard T 204 om-97.
Despite the minor dissolution of hemicellulosic sugars, extraction with mild alkali removed most of the extractives from the bark and improved the raw material mass closure to 95% in comparison to the 88% value obtained after water-ethanol extraction.
This initial "Klason based method" was followed by the full NREL LAP method where the extractives were first quantified by a standard "water followed by ethanol" extraction prior to acid hydrolysis.
The TAC of EAF was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than standard CA. The extractives were found to increase the total antioxidant activity with the increasing concentration of the extracts.
The extractives were determined according to Lestander et al.[ 45] with the exception that the extraction was performed in 15 cycles instead of during 1 h.
Policies promoting FDI for the extractives sector may lead to economic growth in many countries but not new jobs or poverty reduction.
The extractives industry contributed $109m to the country in 2013, making up 21% of its GDP that year, according to HPA.
A commitment to country-by-country reporting for the extractives sector, along with pressure on tax havens to share information with other countries, would make corruption and tax dodging much more difficult.
