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The operator in the expression denotes a truncated linear convolution operation between the two vector sequences and of length and, respectively.
The expression denotes the influence of two key parameters on the hoop strain reduction factor (k ε,f ) namely; the compressive strength of unconfined concrete (( f_{co}^ )) and elastic modulus of confining fibers (E f ).
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After scaling the expression denote active genes within the network using three tolerances [-0.1, 0, 0.1] and construct three separate datasets.
In this expression, denotes the predicted phenotype in case of LAM and the predicted hazard rate times -1 in case of 2STEP.
In the above expression, denotes the characteristic impedance of the propagation medium, and can be calculated by, where and denote permittivity and permeability of the medium, respectively.
The first two terms in this expression denote the gain and loss of species A due to reactions which form and destroy A. These are described in terms of reaction rates kreact and hopping rates khop.
In this notation, the symbols ἐ and ἀ bind the object variables ε and α in the expressions ƒ and g, respectively, and the resulting expression denotes a course-of-values.
However, SGCs are different from the constructions in 2. The right-edge expression denotes a state in the former, but an entity in the latter.
In the above expressions, denotes the occupation of the respective equilibrium boson modes, with the phonon occupation given by the Bose-Einstein distribution at lattice temperature T: (43).
Probe sets that fulfill the two-fold change criterion are marked based on the direction of the expression (+ denotes up-regulation and - denotes down-regulation) in the given condition.
According to our measurements and analysis, the R-D performance model can well be approximated by the following expression, denoted by RDG(BW β1,......,βL)) as (2).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com