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This is the expectation value.
The expectation value is a c-number.
with 〈·〉 denoting the expectation value.
where E is the expectation value.
where is the expectation value of the idle period.
In (25), the expectation value is given as (31).
We then calculate the expectation value, which, in general is given by ⟨ f ⟩ = ∫ fdμ.
The conversion function is interpreted as the expectation value of the target spectral envelope.
In considering quantum effects, the expectation value of the locally defined energy-momentum tensor becomes important.
It can be shown that the expectation value of the score is zero [12].
The ranking position corresponds to the expectation value of the phase mask to be a solution.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com