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While a whole-genome duplication may not have occurred, this suggests that the possibility of smaller duplication events could account for some of the expansion of this genome.
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We can speculate that the expansion of this gene family in the pea aphid genome, and the increased expression of several of these genes during embryonic development, might play a role in the high growth rate observed for parthenogenetic viviparous embryos in this insect.
The expansion of the genome appears recent [ 5] and might coincide with the colonization of new host habitats.
Suggested that the shift in inflorescence phyllotaxis from spiral to distichous would have occurred at the same time as the expansion of genome size characterising several groups of grasses [ 89], though admitting no clear reason why genome size as such should affect inflorescence architecture.
The lack of RIP has been postulated to be one of the drivers in the expansion of genome size in the powdery mildew fungi (Spanu et al. 2010) and may also explain genome expansion in pathogenic isolates of Ptr.
The expansion of genome sequencing projects has produced accumulating evidence for lateral transfer of genes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.
The expansion of genome sizes through the accumulation of LTR retrotransposons is well documented among flowering plants [ 30, 33- 35].
T4S systems, mediating DNA release and uptake, also contribute to the expansion of genome diversity (Alvarez-Martinez and Christie, 2009).
With the expansion of genome projects, phylogenomics - the use of numerous genes to infer phylogenetic trees - is becoming a common way to resolve controversial relationships (e.g. [ 1- 5]).
Considering that gene duplication is a common molecular mechanism mediating the expansion of genome size in many eukaryotes [ 28], we then seek for the evidence if gene duplications also play a role on the genome expansion in N. bombycis.
The expansion of genome size in powdery mildews [ 27– 29], including E. necator, is associated with the proliferation of repetitive DNA, particularly TEs, which account for about 63% of the E. necator genome.
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