It is often the work of members of the existing police force or the army, say many observers.
The existing police regulatory regime encourages large swaths of American society to see themselves as existing within the law's aegis but outside its protection.
Van Iersel called for the NT government to invest in improved facilities or attach a structure to the existing police station instead of cancelling sittings.
The launch of the NCA is part of the most radical shake-up of policing in 50 years which will see the police and crime commissioners replace the existing police authorities from next May.
The existing police agencies range from the preventive security force, which handles internal security matters, to separate forces of civilian police, military police, maritime police, "air police" and policewomen.
Elections for the new police and crime commissioners, who will replace the existing police authorities in 41 areas in England and Wales outside London, will take place on November 15.
The plan would only relocate the existing police scooter unit from the First Precinct station house near the Holland Tunnel, along with the unit that supervises television and movie filming and the homeless outreach unit, to the new substation.
So confident was the government of the benefits of Tetra that it sold off the existing police frequencies as part of the £20bn auction of licences for the next generation of mobile phones.
The City Council has also been holding hearings on the creation of a new agency to investigate police abuses; community activists are waiting to see whether the proposal by the mayor and his Council allies has real teeth and independence, or whether the structure of the new agency would be as ineffective as the existing police review authority that it would replace.
All that they got from their bosses was the instruction 'Here's your badge, do whatever you like.' " Less than six per cent of the new recruits came from the existing police force, and officers in the patrol services were given salaries two and a half times larger than those in the old force.
