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Still, Zollikofer, an expert on the evolution of skull size and shape who has remained neutral in the hobbit wars, says this study's six measurements are too simple to capture the complexities of skull shape, a concern shared by others.
Here I show that the shape of the skull and mandible in derived sabrecats occupy entirely different positions within overall morphospace from feline cats, and that the evolution of skull and mandible shape has followed very different paths in the two subgroups.
We also tested five alternative models for the evolution of skull length.
Understanding the evolution of skull shape by examining skull growth trajectories of related species helps to understand the modifications of cranial structures that arise in relation to diet, size, and phylogeny.
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Fig. 12 Details of the evolution of the skull, tusks, and trunk of proboscideans, from the pygmy hippo-like Moeritherium through mastodonts with longer tusks and trunks to mammoths (after Scheele 1955).
Questions regarding the evolution of damselfish skull biomechanics must therefore be directed at two different aspects of this process: rate and direction.
Strikingly, this "one-to-many mapping" pattern of evolution between morphology and ecology in hind limb bones is in complete contrast to the "many-to-one mapping" pattern found in the evolution of carnivoran skull shape.
"Wendiceratops helps us understand the early evolution of skull ornamentation in an iconic group of dinosaurs characterized by their horned faces," Dr. David Evans, curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto and another co-author of the study, said in the statement.
Yamada wonders what would have driven the evolution of the different skull morphologies seen on this species.
From this analysis, hypotheses concerning the evolution of the allosauroid skull and body size are evaluated, a revised cranial diagnosis of the species Acrocanthosaurus atokensis is proposed, and consistencies with the stratigraphic record and biogeographical distribution of Allosauroidea are considered.
For example, to address how the cranial modules that have been identified in placentals influence the evolution of the entire skull, one would need to compare other large clades with different patterns of cranial modularity, including different numbers of modules.
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