In the watermarking channel, the errors, characterized by the different attacks, occur in random or burst manner.
The sliding surface guarantees finite time convergence of the line-of-sight (LOS) rate and (if specified) the LOS angle error, characterized by a simple function of time-to-go.
Each panel in figure 4 represents a different MSAM and shows the relationship between MSA error, characterized by average MSA distance from the true alignment, and divergence estimate error, taken to be the average sum of errors across individual branches in the phylogenetic tree for amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences.
This transition manifests itself in increased values of the roughness exponent and the scaling error characterizing the quality of auroral emissions fractal scaling, as well as in the number of simultaneously observed emission events.
An equiripple error characterizes optimality in the Chebyshev sense [64,78].
Moreover, the OceanRAIN precipitation phase probability allows error characterizing precipitation satellite data sets to unveil systematic errors with respect to the precipitation phase.
When the sensors are subject to perturbations due to errors in calibration or in sensor location, the signal response is corrupted by errors characterized by the vectors { Δ a i } i = 1 K added to the steering vectors { a ( θ i ) } i = 1 K. Theses errors are randomly changing from one observation period to another.
Where a tribunal's failure to deal with a critical issue leaves the tribunal's reasoning unclear or interferes with the ability of a reviewing court to assess the tribunal's decision, the error can be characterized as a failure to provide adequate reasons.
The error was well characterized and stable, enabling astronomers to partially compensate for the defective mirror by using sophisticated image processing techniques such as deconvolution.
The distribution of the positional error was characterized using a cumulative frequency distribution and summary descriptive statistics.
