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At a time when a series of scandals has touched the left as well as the right, not only Mr Sarkozy but all mainstream politics might bear the electoral cost.
Mr. Pastor said Mr. Rajoy's challenge now was to keep his party unified, "which is far from easy when this avalanche of accusations is likely to make other party heavyweights increasingly scared about the electoral cost of such a scandal".
While Merkel will face a renewed debate inside her party over the electoral cost of her refugee policy, she is also now able to show that questioning her course comes at a political cost.
Among sitting MPs who stood for re-election in 2010, the electoral cost of implication in the scandal has so far been estimated at around 1.5percentnt (Curtice et al., 2010; Eggers and Fischer, 2011; Pattie and Johnston, in press).
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The good news is that the Republican Party's embrace of white nationalism will come at an electoral cost.
Muslim anger and alienation have been fuelled by British foreign policy: better, from the government's perspective, to concentrate on the lunatic fringe than to wrestle with the wider disenchantment its policy has contributed to.And sometimes the calculation behind the euphemism involves bald electoral costs rather than the cost to the country.
Not only do they worry about the social (and electoral) costs.
The controls "will be impossible to enforce", and the commission warns the bill greatly widens the range of activities that count as electoral costs – to include rallies, events, media work, polling research, transport and staff costs for groups never previously regulated.
Besides, Indonesia's constitutional court ruled that from 2019, local and national elections would be held simultaneously, which would reduce electoral costs.
That reinforced his democratic image, earned by pushing the electoral reforms that cost the PRI so many seats in July.
Garrett and colleagues also reported that recruiting via direct mail-out using the electoral roll was efficient and cost-effective.
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